Kidney problems are often associated with older adults, but an increasing number of young people are being diagnosed with kidney-related diseases. This rise is concerning because kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste, balancing fluids and electrolytes, and regulating blood pressure. When these vital organs are compromised early in life, the consequences can be long-lasting. Understanding the reasons why young individuals develop kidney issues can help with early intervention and prevention.
1. Genetic and Congenital Disorders
Some young people are born with kidney problems due to genetic or congenital factors. One of the most common inherited kidney diseases is Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD), which causes fluid-filled cysts to form in the kidneys, eventually impairing their function. Another condition, Alport syndrome, affects the glomeruli (filtering units of the kidney) and often leads to progressive kidney failure, especially in males.
Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT), such as having only one functional kidney or abnormal kidney shape or positioning, can also lead to long-term kidney complications. These conditions are often detected during childhood or adolescence but may not show symptoms until later.
2. Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
Autoimmune diseases can affect kidney function in young people. A prominent example is lupus nephritis, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks kidney tissue as part of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Another common inflammatory disease is IgA nephropathy, a condition in which the IgA antibody builds up in the kidneys, causing inflammation that can lead to chronic kidney damage.
These diseases often require lifelong management with medications that control the immune system to prevent further kidney damage.
3. Infections
Certain infections can directly or indirectly affect kidney health. A urinary tract infection (UTI), especially if recurrent or left untreated, can travel upward to the kidneys and cause pyelonephritis, a serious and painful kidney infection. This is more common in girls due to their anatomy but can affect boys as well.
In rare cases, children or teens who experience streptococcal throat infections may develop post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, where the immune system response to the infection damages the kidneys’ filtering units.
4. Lifestyle and Medication Use
Poor lifestyle choices in adolescence and young adulthood can also contribute to kidney issues. Excessive consumption of over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, naproxen, and other NSAIDs can strain the kidneys over time, especially when taken frequently for headaches, period pain, or sports injuries.
Substance abuse, including the use of recreational drugs such as cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, and certain performance-enhancing drugs, has also been linked to acute kidney injury in young users. Additionally, some supplements and energy drinks marketed to teens can have harmful effects if consumed in large quantities.
5. Chronic Conditions Emerging at Younger Ages
Diseases like type 2 diabetes and hypertension, which were once rare in young people, are now appearing more frequently due to rising rates of childhood obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and poor diets high in processed foods and sugar. Both of these conditions are leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults and can begin damaging kidney tissue in youth if not properly managed.
Young people who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions—including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels—that significantly increase the risk of kidney disease.
6. Physical Trauma and Dehydration
While not chronic, trauma to the kidneys—such as injuries from sports accidents or car crashes—can lead to acute kidney damage. Additionally, severe or repeated dehydration, often due to vomiting, diarrhea, or strenuous activity without adequate fluid intake, can harm kidney function temporarily and, if frequent, potentially cause long-term issues.
7. Lack of Awareness and Delayed Diagnosis
One of the major challenges in addressing kidney disease in young people is that early-stage kidney damage often presents no symptoms. Many young individuals may not seek medical attention until the condition has progressed, making treatment more difficult. Swelling in the face, hands, or feet; blood in urine; frequent urination; and fatigue are signs that may point to kidney issues and should never be ignored.
Prevention and Early Action of Kidney Failure
Kidney failure doesn’t happen overnight—it’s usually the result of long-term damage to the kidneys from underlying conditions or harmful habits. Fortunately, many of these issues are preventable or manageable with the right actions. By taking proactive steps, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of kidney failure and maintain long-term kidney health.
1. Manage Underlying Health Conditions
The two leading causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure. Managing these conditions is essential:
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Control blood sugar levels: For those with diabetes or prediabetes, monitoring blood glucose, following a healthy diet, and using medication as prescribed can prevent kidney damage.
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Monitor blood pressure: Keeping blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg helps protect the kidneys. Lifestyle changes, medication, and regular check-ups are key.
2. Stay Hydrated — But Not Excessively
Water helps the kidneys clear sodium and toxins from the body. While staying hydrated is important, excessive water intake can also strain the kidneys. A good rule of thumb is to drink when you’re thirsty and monitor your urine color—light yellow typically indicates proper hydration.
3. Eat a Kidney-Friendly Diet
A healthy diet can prevent conditions that lead to kidney disease. Recommendations include:
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Limit salt: Too much sodium increases blood pressure and can damage kidneys.
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Avoid excessive protein: Overconsumption of protein, especially animal-based, can burden the kidneys.
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Reduce processed foods: These often contain hidden sugars, unhealthy fats, and preservatives that may affect kidney function.
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Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables: They help reduce inflammation and support overall health.
4. Exercise Regularly
Physical activity helps control weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar—three key factors in preventing kidney disease. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.
5. Avoid Smoking and Limit Alcohol
Smoking slows blood flow to the kidneys, accelerating damage. Alcohol, especially in excess, can dehydrate the body and raise blood pressure. Quitting smoking and drinking responsibly are important preventive measures.
6. Be Cautious with Over-the-Counter Medications
Frequent or long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen can cause kidney damage. Use only when necessary, and never exceed recommended doses.
7. Avoid Harmful Substances
Illicit drugs, unregulated supplements, and even some energy drinks can strain or damage the kidneys. Always check with a healthcare provider before starting any new medication or supplement.
8. Get Regular Checkups and Screenings
Routine health checks can detect early signs of kidney damage before symptoms appear. Key tests include:
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Blood pressure monitoring
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Blood tests for creatinine and eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
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Urine tests for protein or blood
Those with a family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or hypertension should be screened more frequently.
9. Recognize Early Symptoms
Early kidney disease often has no symptoms, but warning signs may include:
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Swelling in the ankles, feet, or face
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Persistent fatigue or weakness
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Changes in urination (frequency, color, or presence of blood)
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Difficulty concentrating
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High blood pressure
If any of these symptoms are present, consult a healthcare provider promptly.
10. Educate and Act Early
Young people and those at risk should be educated about kidney health from an early age. Schools, communities, and families play a role in promoting healthy lifestyles and encouraging medical care when needed.
Conclusion
Preventing kidney failure involves a combination of healthy living, routine monitoring, and timely action. By understanding the risks and taking steps early, individuals can protect their kidneys and significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney failure later in life. Prevention is always more effective—and less costly—than treatment after damage has occurred.